Persistent association between family socioeconomic status and primary school performance in Britain over 95 years
Baker, D. P., Goesling, B. & Letendre, G. K. Socioeconomic Status, School Quality, and National Economic Development: A Cross−National Analysis of the “Heyneman ‐ Loxley Effect” on Mathematics and Science Achievement. Comp. Educ. Rev. 46, 291–312 (2002).
Heckman, J. J. Skill Formation and the Economics of Investing in Disadvantaged Children. Soc. Sci. 312, 1900–1902 (2006).
Sirin, S. R. Socioeconomic status and academic achievement: A meta-analytic review of research. Rev. Educ. Res. 75, 417–453 (2005).
Smith-Woolley, E. et al. Differences in exam performance between pupils attending selective and non-selective schools mirror the genetic differences between them. npj Sci. Learn. 3, 1–7 (2018).
Chmielewski, A. K. The Global Increase in the Socioeconomic Achievement Gap, 1964 to 2015. Am. Sociol. Rev. 84, 517–544 (2019).
Hanushek, E. A., Peterson, P. E., Talpey, L. M. & Woessmann, L. “The Unwavering SES Achievement Gap: Trends in US Student Performance”. NBER Working Paper No. 25648. (2019).
Reardon, S. F. The widening income achievement gap in Whither opportunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children’s life chances, G. J. Duncan, R. J. Murnane, Eds. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011), pp. 91–115.
Breen, R., Luijkx, R., Miiller, W. & Pollak, R. Nonpersistent inequality in educational attainment: Evidence from eight European countries. Am. J. Soc. 114, 1475–1521 (2009).
Bradley, R. H. & Corwyn, R. F. Socioeconomic Status and Child Development. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53, 371–399 (2002).
Brooks-Gunn, J. & Duncan, G. J. The effects of poverty on children. Futur. Child. 7, 55–71 (1997).
Jensen, S. K. G., Berens, A. E. & Nelson, C. A. Effects of poverty on interacting biological systems underlying child development. Lancet Child Adolesc. Heal. 1, 225–239 (2017).
Duncan, O. D., Featherman, D. L. & Duncan, B. Socioeconomic background and achievement. (New York: Seminar Press, 1972).
von Stumm, S., Deary, I. J. & Hagger-Johnson, G. Life-course pathways to psychological distress: A cohort study. BMJ Open 3, 1–10 (2013).
Bourdieu, P. & Passeron, J. C. Theory, culture & society. Reproduction in education, society and culture, 2nd Ed. (Sage Publications, Inc., 1990).
Coleman, J. S. Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social Structure. Am. J. Sociol. 94, S95–S120 (1988).
Duncan, G. J. & Murnane, R. J. “Introduction: The American Dream, Then and Now” in Whither Opportunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children’s life chances, G. J. Duncan, R. J. Murnane, Eds (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011), pp. 3–23.
Bernstein, B. Class, codes, and control. (London: Routledge., 1975).
Hart, B. & Risley, T. R. Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children. (Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co, 1995).
Hoff, E. The Specificity of Environmental Influence: Socioeconomic Status Affects Early Vocabulary Development Via Maternal Speech. Child Dev. 74, 1368–1378 (2003).
von Stumm, S., Rimfeld, K., Dale, P. S. & Plomin, R. Preschool Verbal and Nonverbal Ability Mediate the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and School Performance. Child Dev. 00, 1–10 (2020).
Heath, S. B. Ways with words: Language, life and work in communities and classrooms. (Cambridge University Press, 1983).
Lareau, A. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race and Family Life (University of California Press, 2003).
Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, A., Magnuson, K. & Huston, A. C. School Readiness and Later Achievement. Dev. Psychol. 43, 1428 (2007).
von Stumm, S. & Plomin, R. Socioeconomic status and the growth of intelligence from infancy through adolescence. Intelligence 48, 30–36 (2015).
Duncan, G. J. & Magnuson, K. The nature and impact of early achievement skills, attention skills, and behavior problems in Whither opportunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children’s life chances, G. J. Duncan, R. J. Murnane, Eds (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011), pp. 47–69.
von Stumm, S. Socioeconomic status amplifies the achievement gap throughout compulsory education independent of intelligence. Intelligence 60, 57–62 (2017).
von Stumm, S. et al. Predicting educational achievement from genomic measures and socioeconomic status. Dev. Sci. 23, 1–8 (2020).
Dumay, X., Coe, R. & Anumendem, D. N. Stability over time of different methods of estimating school performance. Sch. Eff. Sch. Improv. 25, 64–82 (2014).
Ma, X. Stability of school academic performance across subject areas. J. Educ. Meas. 38, 1–18 (2001).
Schoon, I., Jones, E., Cheng, H. & Maughan, B. Family hardship, family instability, and cognitive development. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 66, 716–722 (2012).
Dumont, H. & Ready, D. D. Do Schools Reduce or Exacerbate Inequality? How the Associations Between Student Achievement and Achievement Growth Influence Our Understanding of the Role of Schooling. Am. Educ. Res. J. 57, 728–774 (2020).
Machin, S. & Vignoles, A. “Education Policy in the UK.” (Centre for the Economics of Education: London School of Economics, 2006).
Stewart, K. & Obolenskaya, P. “The coalition’s record on the under fives: Policy, spending and outcomes 2010–2015”. Center for Analysis of Social Exclusion Working Paper No. 12. (2015).
Espinoza, O. Solving the equity-equality conceptual dilemma: A new model for analysis of the educational process. Educ. Res. 49, 343–363 (2008).
Sokolowski, H. M. & Ansari, D. Understanding the effects of education through the lens of biology. npj Sci. Learn. 3, 26–28 (2018).
Lupton, R. et al. The Coalition’s Social Policy Record: Policy, Spending and Outcomes 2010–2015 (Center for Analysis of Social Exclusion: London School of Economics, 2015).
Hanushek, E. A. & Wößmann, L. Does educational tracking affect performance and inequality? Differences-in-differences evidence across countries. Econ. J. 116, 63–76 (2006).
Van de Werfhorst, H. G. & Mijs, J. J. B. Achievement Inequality and the Institutional Structure of Educational Systems: A Comparative Perspective. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 36, 407–428 (2010).
Evans, D. & Over, M. The economic impact of Covid-19 in low-and middle-income countries. Cent. Glob. Dev. (2020).
Glei, D. A., Goldman, N. & Weinstein, M. A growing socioeconomic divide: Effects of the Great Recession on perceived economic distress in the United States. PLoS One 14, 1–24 (2019).
Ranciere, R. & Kumhof, M. M. “Inequality, leverage and crises”. International Monetary Foundation Working Paper No. 10/268. (2010).
Moya, M. & Fiske, S. T. The Social Psychology of the Great Recession and Social Class Divides. J. Soc. Issues 73, 8–22 (2017).
Piketty, T. Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Belknap Press, 2017).
Park, H., Buchmann, C., Choi, J. & Merry, J. J. Learning Beyond the School Walls: Trends and Implications. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 42, 231–252 (2016).
Aurini, J. & Davies, S. The Transformation of Private Tutoring: Education in a Franchise. Can. J. Sociol. Can. Sociol. 29, 419–438 (2004).
Jung, J. H. & Lee, K. H. The determinants of private tutoring participation and attendant expenditures in Korea. Asia Pac. Educ. Rev. 11, 159–168 (2010).
Park, H., yong Byun, S. & keun Kim, K. Parental involvement and students’ cognitive outcomes in Korea: Focusing on private tutoring. Sociol. Educ. 84, 3–22 (2011).
Boudon, R. Education, Opportunity and Social Inequality (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1974).
Gillard, D. (2009) Short and Fraught: the history of primary education in England. Available at: www.educationengland.org.uk/articles/28primary.html [Accessed May 12, 2020]
White, K. R. The relation between socioeconomic status and academic achievement. Psychol. Bull. 91, 461–481 (1982).
Cave, S. N. & von Stumm, S. Secondary data analysis of British population cohort studies: A practical guide for education researchers. Brit. J. EdPsych https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12386 (2020).
Bukodi, E., Bourne, M. & Betthäuser, B. Wastage of talent?: Social origins, cognitive ability and educational attainment in Britain. Adv. Life Course Res. 34, 34–42 (2017).
Sandel, M. J. The Tyranny of Merit: What’s Become of the Common Good? (Penguin Books, 2020).
Office of Educational Technology, “United States National Education Technology Plan” (2017).
Triventi, M., Skopek, J., Kulic, N., Buchholz, S. & Blossfeld, H. P. Advantage ‘Finds Its Way’: How Privileged Families Exploit Opportunities in Different Systems of Secondary Education. Sociology 54, 237–257 (2020).
Viechtbauer, W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor. J. Stat. Softw. 36, 1–48 (2010).