November 22, 2024

Education For Live

Masters Of Education

Culturally adapting internet- and mobile-based health promotion interventions might not be worth the effort: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Culturally adapting internet- and mobile-based health promotion interventions might not be worth the effort: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  • Liu, J. J. et al. Adapting health promotion interventions to meet the needs of ethnic minority groups: Mixed-methods evidence synthesis. Health Technology Assessment https://doi.org/10.3310/hta16440 (2012).

  • Cerf, M. E. Healthy lifestyles and noncommunicable diseases: nutrition, the life‐course, and health promotion. Lifestyle Med. 2, 1–12 (2021).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Preston, S. H., Stokes, A., Mehta, N. K. & Cao, B. Projecting the effect of changes in smoking and obesity on future life expectancy in the United States. Demography 51, 27–49 (2014).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • World Health Organization. Sexual Health and its Linkages to Reproductive Health: an Operational Approach 1–12 (World Health Organization, 2017).

  • Di Cesare, M. et al. Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses. Lancet 381, 585–597 (2013).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • World Health Organization. Global Status Report On Noncommunicable Diseases 2014 (World Health Organization, 2014).

  • World Health Organization. 2008-2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases (World Health Organization, 2013).

  • Friel, S. & Marmot, M. G. Action on the Social determinants of health and health inequities goes global. Annu. Rev. Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101220 (2011).

  • Muñoz, R. F. Using evidence-based Internet interventions to reduce health disparities worldwide. J. Med. Internet Res. 12, 1–10 (2010).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Head, K. J., Noar, S. M., Iannarino, N. T. & Grant Harrington, N. Efficacy of text messaging-based interventions for health promotion: a meta-analysis. Soc. Sci. Med. 97, 41–48 (2013).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fiedler, J., Eckert, T., Wunsch, K. & Woll, A. Key facets to build up eHealth and mHealth interventions to enhance physical activity, sedentary behavior and nutrition in healthy subjects—an umbrella review. BMC Public Health 20, 1–21 (2020).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Müller, A. M. et al. Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and diet-related ehealth and mhealth research: Bibliometric analysis. J. Med. Internet Res. 20, e122 (2018).

  • Do, H. P. et al. Which eHealth interventions are most effective for smoking cessation? A systematic review. Patient Prefer. Adherence 12, 2065–2084 (2018).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Webb, T. L., Joseph, J., Yardley, L. & Michie, S. Using the Internet to promote health behavior change: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy. J. Med. Internet Res. 12, 1–18 (2010).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Muñoz, R. F. et al. Massive open online interventions: a novel model for delivering behavioral- health services worldwide. Clin. Psychol. Sci. 4, 194–205 (2016).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Vandelanotte, C. et al. Past, present, and future of ehealth and mhealth research to improve physical activity and dietary behaviors. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 48, 219–228.e1 (2016).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jiang, X., Ming, W. K. & You, J. H. S. The cost-effectiveness of digital health interventions on the management of cardiovascular diseases: systematic review. J. Med. Internet Res. 21, 1–11 (2019).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Elbert, N. J. et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of ehealth interventions in somatic diseases: a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. J. Med. Internet Res. 16, 1–23 (2014).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Henrich, J., Heine, S. J. & Norenzayan, A. Beyond WEIRD: towards a broad-based behavioral science. Behav. Brain Sci. 33, 111–135 (2010).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Lin, J., Faust, B., Ebert, D. D., Krämer, L. & Baumeister, H. A web-based acceptance-facilitating intervention for identifying patients’ acceptance, uptake, and adherence of internet- and mobile-based pain interventions: randomized controlled trial. J. Med. Internet Res. 20, e244 (2018).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Baumeister, H. et al. Impact of an acceptance facilitating intervention on diabetes patients’ acceptance of Internet-based interventions for depression: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 105, 30–39 (2014).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Armaou, M., Araviaki, E. & Musikanski, L. eHealth and mHealth interventions for ethnic minority and historically underserved populations in developed countries: an umbrella review. Int. J. Community Well-Being 3, 193–221 (2020).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Clauss-Ehlers, C. S., Chiriboga, D. A., Hunter, S. J., Roysircar, G. & Tummala-Narra, P. APA multicultural guidelines executive summary: ecological approach to context, identity, and intersectionality. Am. Psychol. 74, 232–244 (2019).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lewis, J. A., Williams, M. G., Peppers, E. J. & Gadson, C. A. Applying intersectionality to explore the relations between gendered racism and health among black women. J. Couns. Psychol. 64, 475–486 (2017).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • World Health Organization. Promoting health in the SDGs. Report on 9th Global Conference on Health Promotion 1–37 (World Health Organization, 2016).

  • Barrera, M., Castro, F. G. & Steiker, L. K. H. A critical analysis of approaches to the development of preventive interventions for subcultural groups. Am. J. Community Psychol. 48, 439–454 (2011).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bernal, G., Jiménez-Chafey, M. I., & Domenech Rodríguez, M. M. & Domenech Rodríguez Cultural adaptation of treatments: a resource for considering culture in evidence-based practice. Prof. Psychol. Res. Pract. 40, 361–368 (2009).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Resnicow, K., Soler, R., Braithwaite, R. L., Ahluwalia, J. S. & Butler, J. Cultural sensitivity in substance use prevention. J. Community Psychol. 28, 271–290 (2000).

  • Cardemil, E. Cultural adaptations to empirically supported treatments: a research agenda. Sci. Rev. Ment. Heal. Pract. 7, 8–21 (2010).

  • Liu, J. J. et al. Smoking cessation interventions for ethnic minority groups—a systematic review of adapted interventions. Prev. Med. (Balt.). 57, 765–775 (2013).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Nierkens, V. et al. Effectiveness of cultural adaptations of interventions aimed at smoking cessation, diet, and/or physical activity in ethnic minorities. a systematic review. PLoS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073373 (2013).

  • Lambert, S. et al. The effect of culturally-adapted health education interventions among culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) patients with a chronic illness: a meta-analysis and descriptive systematic review. Patient Educ. Couns. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.01.023 (2021).

  • Staffileno, B. A. B. A., Tangney, C. C. C. C. & Fogg, L. Favorable outcomes using an eHealth approach to promote physical activity and nutrition among young African American women. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 33, 62–71 (2018).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Anderson-Lewis, C., Darville, G., Mercado, R. E., Howell, S. & Di Maggio, S. mHealth technology use and implications in historically underserved and minority populations in the united states: Systematic literature review. JMIR mHealth uHealth 6, e128 (2018).

  • Montague, E. & Perchonok, J. Health and wellness technology use by historically underserved health consumers: Systematic review. J. Med. Internet Res. 14, e78 (2012).

  • Bennett, G. G. et al. Electronic health (eHealth) interventions for weight management among racial/ethnic minority adults: a systematic review. Obes. Rev. 15, 146–158 (2014).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Augustson, E. et al. Text to quit China: an mHealth smoking cessation. Trial Am. J. Health Promot. 31, 217–225 (2017).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bender, M. S., Cooper, B. A., Park, L. G., Padash, S. & Arai, S. A feasible and efficacious mobile-phone based lifestyle intervention for Filipino Americans with type 2 diabetes: randomized controlled trial. JMIR Diabetes 2, e30 (2017).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bowen, D. J., Henderson, P. N., Harvill, J. & Buchwald, D. Short-term effects of a smoking prevention website in American Indian youth. J. Med. Internet Res. 14, e81 (2012).

  • Brito Beck Da Silva, K. et al. Evaluation of the computer-based intervention program stayingfit Brazil to promote healthy eating habits: The results from a school cluster-randomized controlled trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16, 1–18 (2019).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Cruvinel, E., Richter, K. P., Colugnati, F. & Ronzani, T. M. An experimental feasibility study of a hybrid telephone counseling/text messaging intervention for post-discharge cessation support among hospitalized smokers in Brazil. Nicotine Tob. Res. 21, 1700–1705 (2019).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Duan, Y. P., Wienert, J., Hu, C., Si, G. Y. & Lippke, S. Web-based intervention for physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake among Chinese university students: a randomized controlled trial. J. Med. Internet Res. 19, 1–15 (2017).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Fortmann, A. L. et al. Dulce digital: An mHealth SMS based intervention improves glycemic control in hispanics with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 40, 1349–1355 (2017).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kurth, A. E. et al. Linguistic and cultural adaptation of a computer-based counseling program (CARE+ Spanish) to support HIV treatment adherence and risk reduction for people living with HIV/AIDS: a randomized controlled trial. J. Med. Internet Res. 18, e195 (2016).

  • Larsen, B. A. et al. Randomized trial of a physical activity intervention for Latino Men: Activo. Am. J. Prev. Med. 59, 219–227 (2020).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lau, P. W. C., Pitkethly, A. J., Leung, B. W. C., Lau, E. Y. & Wang, J. J. The intervention effect of SMS delivery on chinese adolescent’s physical activity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16, 1–12 (2019).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Marcus, B. H. et al. Pasos Hacia La Salud: a randomized controlled trial of an internet-delivered physical activity intervention for Latinas. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 13, 62 (2016).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Montag, A. C. et al. Preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancy among an american indian/alaska native population: effect of a screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment intervention. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 39, 126–135 (2015).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Peiris, D. et al. A smartphone app to assist smoking cessation among aboriginal australians: findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth uHealth 7, e12745 (2019).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rothstein, H. R., Sutton, A. J. & Borenstein, M. Publication Bias in Meta-Analyses: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments (John Wiley & Sons, 2005).

  • Rathod, S. et al. The current status of culturally adapted mental health interventions: a practice-focused review of meta-analyses. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 14, 165–178 (2018).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Harper Shehadeh, M., Maercker, A., Heim, E., Chowdhary, N. & Albanese, E. Cultural adaptation of minimally guided interventions for common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Ment. Heal 3, e44 (2016).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Lustria, M. L. A. et al. A meta-analysis of web-delivered tailored health behavior change interventions. J. Health Commun. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.768727 (2013).

  • Van Loon, A., Van Schaik, A., Dekker, J. & Beekman, A. Bridging the gap for ethnic minority adult outpatients with depression and anxiety disorders by culturally adapted treatments. J. Affect. Disord. 147, 9–16 (2013).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Whittaker, R. et al. Mobile phone text messaging and app‐based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006611.pub5 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Myung, S.-K., McDonnell, D. D., Kazinets, G., Seo, H. G. & Moskowitz, J. M. Effects of web- and computer-based smoking cessation programs. Arch. Intern. Med. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.109 (2009).

  • Joiner, K. L., Nam, S. & Whittemore, R. Lifestyle interventions based on the diabetes prevention program delivered via eHealth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev. Med. (Balt.). 100, 194–207 (2017).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Rodriguez Rocha, N. P. & Kim, H. eHealth interventions for fruit and vegetable intake: a meta-analysis of effectiveness. Heal. Educ. Behav. 46, 947–959 (2019).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Kelly, J. T., Reidlinger, D. P., Hoffmann, T. C. & Campbell, K. L. Telehealth methods to deliver dietary interventions in adults with chronic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis1,2. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 104, 1693–1702 (2016).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hutchesson, M. J. et al. eHealth interventions for the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Obes. Rev. 16, 376–392 (2015).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bailey, J. V. et al. Interactive computer-based interventions for sexual health promotion. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd006483.pub2 (2010).

  • Noar, S. M., Black, H. G. & Pierce, L. B. Efficacy of computer technology-based HIV prevention interventions: a meta-analysis. Aids 23, 107–115 (2009).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cunningham, J. A., Kypri, K. & McCambridge, J. Exploratory randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of a waiting list control design. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 13, 150 (2013).

  • Graham, A. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Internet interventions for smoking cessation among adults. Subst. Abuse Rehabil. 55. https://doi.org/10.2147/sar.s101660 (2016).

  • Bernal, G. & Sáez-Santiago, E. Culturally centered psychosocial interventions. J. Community Psychol. 34, 121–132 (2006).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Salamanca-Sanabria, A., Richards, D. & Timulak, L. Adapting an internet-delivered intervention for depression for a Colombian college student population: an illustration of an integrative empirical approach. Internet Inter. 15, 76–86 (2019).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Spanhel, K. et al. Cultural adaptation of internet- and mobile-based interventions for mental disorders: a systematic review. npj Digit. Med. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00498-1 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Domhardt, M. et al. Therapeutic processes in digital interventions for anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analytic structural equation modeling of randomized controlled trials. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 90, 102084 (2021).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Domhardt, M., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D. & Baumeister, H. More light? opportunities and pitfalls in digitalized psychotherapy process research. Front. Psychol. 12, 1–5 (2021).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Kazdin, A. E. Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 3, 1–27 (2007).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Domhardt, M. et al. Mediators and mechanisms of change in internet- and mobile-based interventions for depression: a systematic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 83, 101953 (2021).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rad, M. S., Martingano, A. J. & Ginges, J. Toward a psychology of Homo sapiens: Making psychological science more representative of the human population. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 11401–11405 (2018).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gone, J. P. A community-based treatment for Native American historical trauma: prospects for evidence-based practice. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 77, 751–762 (2009).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nagayama Hall, G. C., Yip, T. & Zárate, M. A. On becoming multicultural in a monocultural research world: a conceptual approach to studying ethnocultural diversity. Am. Psychol. 71, 40–51 (2016).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Bernal, G. & Adames, C. Cultural adaptations: conceptual, ethical, contextual, and methodological issues for working with ethnocultural and majority-world populations. Prev. Sci. 18, 681–688 (2017).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Castro, F. G., Barrera, M. & Holleran Steiker, L. K. Issues and challenges in the design of culturally adapted evidence-based interventions. Ssrn https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-033109-132032 (2010).

  • Warne, D. & Wescott, S. Social determinants of American Indian Nutritional Health. Curr. Dev. Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz054 (2019).

  • Abaza, H. & Marschollek, M. mHealth application areas and technology combinations. Methods Inf. Med. 56, e105–e122 (2017).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hall, C. S., Fottrell, E., Wilkinson, S. & Byass, P. Assessing the impact of mHealth interventions in low- and middle-income countries—what has been shown to work? Glob. Health Action 7, 25606 (2014).

  • Kruse, C. et al. Barriers to the use of mobile health in improving health outcomes in developing countries: Systematic review. J. Med. Internet Res. 21, 1–13 (2019).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Weisel, K. K. et al. Standalone smartphone apps for mental health—a systematic review and meta-analysis. npj Digit. Med. 2, 1–10 (2019).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Bendig, E. et al. Internet-based interventions in chronic somatic disease. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int. 115, 659–665 (2018).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ebert, D. D. et al. Internet- and mobile-based psychological interventions: applications, efficacy, and potential for improving mental health. Eur. Psychol. 23, 167–187 (2018).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Tsetsi, E. & Rains, S. A. Smartphone Internet access and use: extending the digital divide and usage gap. Mob. Media Commun. 5, 239–255 (2017).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Baumeister, H., Reichler, L., Munzinger, M. & Lin, J. The impact of guidance on Internet-based mental health interventions – A systematic review. Internet Inter. 1, 205–215 (2014).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Arsenijevic, J., Tummers, L. & Bosma, N. Adherence to electronic health tools among vulnerable groups: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J. Med. Internet Res. 22, e11613 (2020).

  • Aranda-Jan, C. B., Mohutsiwa-Dibe, N. & Loukanova, S. Systematic review on what works, what does not work and why of implementation of mobile health (mHealth) projects in Africa. BMC Public Health 14, 1–15 (2014).


    Google Scholar
     

  • James, D. C., Harville, C., Sears, C., Efunbumi, O. & Bondoc, I. Participation of African Americans in e-Health and m-Health studies: a systematic review. Telemed. e-Health 23, 351–364 (2017).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Hwang, D. S. A., Lee, A., Song, J. M. & Han, H. R. Recruitment and retention strategies among racial and ethnic minorities in web-based intervention trials: retrospective qualitative analysis. J. Med. Internet Res. 23, e23959 (2021).

  • Callier, S. & Fullerton, S. M. Diversity and inclusion in unregulated mHealth research: addressing the risks. J. Law Med. Ethics 48, 115–121 (2020).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Druce, K. L., Dixon, W. G. & McBeth, J. Maximizing engagement in mobile health studies: lessons learned and future directions. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 45, 159–172 (2019).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. & Altman, D. G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. BMJ 339, 332–336 (2009).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Balci, S., Spanhel, K., Sander, L. & Baumeister, H. Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of culturally adapted internet- And mobile-based health promotion interventions. BMJ Open https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037698 (2020).

  • Spanhel, K., Balci, S., Baumeister, H., Bengel, J. & Sander, L. B. Cultural adaptation of Internet- and mobile-based interventions for mental disorders: a systematic review protocol. Syst. Rev. 9, 207 (2020).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Babineau, J. Product Review: Covidence (Systematic Review Software). J. Can. Heal. Libr. Assoc./J. l’Association bibliothèques la St.é du Can. 35, 68 (2014).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Sterne, J. A. C. et al. RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898 (2019).

  • Higgins JPT et al. (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0. (The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011). Available at: www.handbook.cochrane.org.

  • Fritz, C. O., Morris, P. E. & Richler, J. J. Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 141, 2–18 (2012).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tufanaru, C., Munn, Z., Stephenson, M. & Aromataris, E. Fixed or random effects meta-analysis? Common methodological issues in systematic reviews of effectiveness. Int. J. Evid. Based Health. 13, 196–207 (2015).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Balduzzi, S., Rücker, G. & Schwarzer, G. How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. Evid. Based Ment. Health 22, 153–160 (2019).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Harrer, M., Cuijpers, P. & Ebert, D. Doing meta-analysis in R. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.2551803 (2019).

  • The Nordic Cochrane Centre. Review Manager (RevMan) (The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014).

  • Viechtbauer, W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor. J. Stat. Softw. 36, 1–48 (2010).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Science 2nd edn. (Erlbaum Associate, 1988).

  • Higgins, J. P. T. & Thompson, S. G. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat. Med. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1186 (2002).

  • Card, N. A. Applied Meta-Analysis for Social Science Research. (Guilford, 2011).

  • Bender, M. S. & Clark, M. J. Cultural adaptation for ethnic diversity: a review of obesity interventions for preschool children. Calif. J. Health Promot 9, 40 (2011).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Barrera, M., Castro, F. G., Strycker, L. & Toobert, D. Cultural adaptations of behavioral health interventions: a progress report. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 81, 196–205 (2013).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Castro, Y. et al. Adaptation of a counseling intervention to address multiple cancer risk factors among overweight/obese latino smokers. Heal. Educ. Behav. 42, 65–72 (2015).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Philis-Tsimikas, A. et al. Improvement in diabetes care of underinsured patients enrolled in Project Dulce: A community-based, culturally appropriate, nurse case management and peer education diabetes care model. Diabetes Care 27, 110–115 (2004).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Copyright © admhduj.com All rights reserved. | Newsphere by AF themes.